While affording both college and retirement is difficult for many families, some retirees find themselves in the fortunate position of having enough to cover their retirement years and still have something left over to help other family members pay for college.
Yet the challenge is that if not done carefully, using a grandparent-owned 529 plan or gifting assets from a grandparent to grandchild for college can adversely impact the grandchild’s own ability to qualify for financial aid, implicitly diminishing the value of the gift.
For instance, a grandparent-owned 529 plan is not treated as an asset of the grandchild for financial aid purposes, but distributions from a grandparent-owned 529 plan may show up on the grandchild’s FAFSA financial aid form (even if it’s a qualified tax-free distribution!). Similarly, gifts of appreciated assets from a grandparent to a grandchild may be eligible for 0% capital gains tax rates, if able to avoid the kiddie tax, but may still adversely impact the student’s income on the FAFSA. And for grandparents trying to diminish their own estates, often the best tactic is simply to make tuition payments directly to the college institution, which can be done above and beyond the annual gift tax exclusion limits.
Ultimately, the reality is that grandparents actually have numerous opportunities for preferential income and/or estate tax treatment by helping fund college for grandchildren (or other family members). But the financial aid rules – especially when considering the new “prior-prior year” (PPY) rules for which year’s income is reported on the FAFSA – means that coordinating the timing of the various strategies is crucial to avoid adverse financial aid outcomes!